International Journal of Social Sciences Management and Entrepreneurship (IJSSME)
International Journal of Social Sciences Management and Entrepreneurship (IJSSME) is peer-reviewed journal that provides an international forum for researchers, scholars and practitioners in management to share experiences and communicate ideas. IJSSME Journals carries theoretical and empirical papers, case studies, research notes, executive experience sharing and review articles, and it aims at disseminating new knowledge in the field of different domain areas of management, information technology and related disciplines. It provides a forum for deliberations and exchange of knowledge among academics, industries, researchers, planners and the practitioners who are concerned with the management, financial institutions, public and private organizations, as well as voluntary organizations.
UTILIZATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY SYSTEM IN INCOME GENERATING UNITS IN JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY, KENYA
Purpose: This research sought to investigate the extent to which Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology (JKUAT) is utilizing Intellectual Property System (IPS) in Income Generating Units (IGUs). It further explored the identifiable IPRs existing in IGUs and evaluated the existing Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) in the management of IGUs Methodology: The study adopted a qualitative and quantitative research paradigm. This study targeted all 600 students and staff members within JKUAT IGUs; 61 of them were sampled. A total of 61 questionnaires were administered both online through Google Forms and in physical copies, and all of them were duly filled out and returned for analysis Findings: Most universities in Kenya do not have a functional Intellectual Property (IP) office, and those that are present have insufficient capacity to enhance the IPs. The present study revealed low levels of awareness of the IPS and consequently low adoption rates, contributing significantly to low utilization of the IPS in IGUs at JKUAT. Recommendations: JKUAT should not just view the IGUs as a revenue stream but primarily as a mechanism put forward to enhance utilization for IPS for societal benefits. Accordingly, there needs to be greater emphasis on sensitizing staff on the significance of the IPS, communicating the IP policy to staff and clients, setting up IP institutional infrastructure in the form of functional Technology Transfer Office (TTOs), and having a customized IP strategy suitable for all IGUs. In addition, the IP offices or TTOs should be linked to research activities, business incubation, industrial park and IGUs, where these exist. Keywords: Intellectual property system, Income-generating units, Jomo Kenyatta University of agriculture and technology,
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Social Sciences Management and Entrepreneurship (IJSSME)
EFFECT OF HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT ON POVERTY IN KENYA
Poverty remains one of the main global goals today. Goal 1 of the Sustainable development Goals is to “End Poverty in all its forms everywhere”. Tremendous efforts have been made in ensuring there’s reduction in the levels of poverty around the world. Developed world, donors and developing countries have come up with development policies targeting the poor to help alleviate poverty in the developing world. Such efforts have also been undertaken in Kenya to achieve reduction in poverty. The study sought to establish robust evidence of target sectors that will greatly impact reduction in poverty level in Kenya. The objective of the study is to establish a relationship between human capital development and poverty. Evidence based policy plays a key role in poverty alleviation. An accurate answer to which interventions work best will inform policies by the Kenyan government as it tries to design policies in assisting the poor improve their welfare. The study used secondary data collection from World Development Report and Human Development Index between 2005 and 2015. The annual reports give national estimates of socio-economic indicators on health, education, women empowerment, poverty (money metric and multi-dimensional) etc. The study used both descriptive and inferential research designs to establish any existing relationship between the dependent variable, poverty incidence and independent variables; health, education, access to safe water and sanitation and access to infrastructure. It used prevalence of HIV, expected years of schooling, improved water source and roads paved of total roads as proxies for health, education, access to safe water and sanitation and access to infrastructure. The study found prevalence of HIV, expected years of schooling and roads paved of total roads to be statistically significant but improved water source wasn’t statistically significant at 5 percent level. Key Words: Health, Poverty, Education, Access to Water and Sanitation, Infrastructure
INFLUENCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ON STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION AMONG FLOWER FARMS IN NAIVASHA, KENYA
Organizational structure refers to the formal system of task and reporting relationships that controls, coordinates, and motivates employees so that they cooperate to achieve an organization's goals. This study investigated the influence of organizational structure on strategy implementation among flower farms in Naivasha, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study were to access organizational hierarchical levels, organizational communication, decision-making structures and organization culture management on strategy implementation among flower farms in Naivasha, Kenya. The research study applied a descriptive research design. The target population of this study was the top, middle and low-level management staff of flower farms in Naivasha. The sample was selected from within each group in proportions that each group bears to the study population using Israel method sampling technique. The researcher used questionnaires as data collection instruments for the research distributed through drop and pick later method. Data collected was purely quantitative and was analyzed by descriptive analysis. The descriptive statistical programs such as Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 24.0 helped the researcher to describe the data and determine the extent used. The researcher used SPSS to generate statistics like percentages, frequencies, means and standard deviations. The findings were presented using tables and charts. The researcher conducted multiple regression analysis to make inferences. Statistical inferences using an ANOVA table indicated that a high reliability was achieved by the data collection instrument with Cronbach’s alpha coefficients. Both tests of significance using ordinary least squares regression and correlation analysis indicated a strong significance amongst the variables as well as when combined against the dependent variable. Hierarchical levels, organizational communication, and decision-making structures had no significance on influence of organizational structure on strategy implementation among flower farms in Naivasha, Kenya. Organization culture had a negative significance influence on strategy implementation among flower farms in Naivasha, Kenya. This enabled a conclusion to be made that only organization culture all affected the strategy implementation among flower farms in Naivasha, Kenya. Summarily the study recommended that a positive organization culture to be enhance as this would contribute significantly to strategy implementation among flower farms in Naivasha. Keywords: Organization structure, strategy, strategy implementation, hierarchical levels, organizational communication, decision making structures, organization culture
STRATEGIC BUSINESS MODELS AND PERFORMANCE OF LARGE GRAIN MILLING COMPANIES IN KENYA
In the face of rising global competition and shifting consumer preferences, the strategic deployment of innovative business models has become imperative for manufacturing firms seeking sustained performance. This study investigated effect of strategic business models, specifically the freemium and multilevel marketing (MLM) models, on the performance of large grain milling companies in Kenya. Drawing on the Resource-Based View (RBV) and Resource Dependence Theory (RDT), the study examined how internally developed capabilities and externally managed networks contribute to firm-level outcomes such as sales growth, profitability, and market share expansion. A descriptive research design was employed, targeting a census of 223 management-level employees from all 16 large grain milling companies registered under the Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM). Stratified random sampling method was used to select a sample of 141 participants, with a final response rate of 88.4% (125 respondents). Data were collected using semi-structured questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and multiple linear regression techniques with the aid of SPSS version 25. Descriptive findings indicated high levels of agreement with the adoption of both strategic models. For the freemium model, firms reported strong usage of perpetual licenses, free samples, and customer-driven feedback mechanisms. The MLM model showed wide application in direct selling, agent recruitment, and performance-based incentives. Correlation analysis revealed significant and positive relationships between each model and firm performance, with MLM (r = 0.730) having a stronger effect than freemium (r = 0.543). Regression analysis confirmed that both models significantly predict firm performance, with the MLM model (β = 0.521, p < 0.001) having a slightly higher effect than the freemium model (β = 0.419, p < 0.001). Together, the models accounted for 64.1% of the variance in performance outcomes (R² = 0.641), indicating a robust explanatory power. The study concludes that both freemium and MLM models are viable strategic tools for enhancing competitiveness and operational outcomes in the grain milling sector. Firms that leverage internal capabilities while cultivating external networks are better positioned to respond to market volatility, reach underserved segments, and improve financial performance. The study recommends further investment in digital infrastructure to enhance freemium execution and capacity-building programs to strengthen MLM networks. Future research should explore longitudinal impacts of these models and expand analysis to other agribusiness sectors to enhance generalizability. Keywords: Strategic Business Models, Freemium Model, Multilevel Marketing, Firm Performance, Grain Milling, Kenya
EFFECT OF SUPPLIER RISK PROFILING ON CONTINUITY OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS AT KENYA NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY (KeNHA)
The continuity of public infrastructure projects in Kenya, particularly road construction, has been increasingly influenced by the procurement risk management practices adopted by implementing agencies. This study examined the effect of supplier risk profiling on the continuity of road construction projects at the Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA). Supplier risk profiling, a strategic component of prequalification and evaluation, was assessed through dimensions such as financial risk, technical capacity, past performance, and legal compliance. Guided by Agency Theory and Resource-Based View (RBV), the study sought to determine whether proactive risk assessment of contractors leads to fewer project interruptions, delays, or contract terminations. The research adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design and targeted procurement professionals, project managers, and contract management officers at KeNHA, as well as contractors engaged in ongoing or recently completed road projects between 2022 and 2025. Data were collected using structured questionnaires administered to 210 respondents selected through stratified random sampling. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were used, including Pearson correlation and multiple regression. Findings revealed that financial capacity and technical competence were the most critical risk profiling indicators influencing project continuity. The regression model was significant (F = 96.47, p < 0.001), explaining 67.2% of the variance in project continuity. Supplier risk profiling had a positive and statistically significant effect (β = 0.473, p < 0.001), indicating that robust vetting procedures reduced the likelihood of project stalling or termination. The study concludes that comprehensive supplier risk profiling is instrumental in safeguarding the continuity of public road construction projects. It recommends institutionalizing risk-based supplier evaluation criteria, digitizing contractor performance databases, and enhancing post-award monitoring to ensure project resilience. These findings have practical implications for KeNHA, the Public Procurement Regulatory Authority (PPRA), and policy actors seeking to improve infrastructure delivery in Kenya. Keywords: Supplier Risk Profiling, Road Construction, Project Continuity, Kenha, Procurement, Kenya
INTERNET OF THINGS APPLICATION AND SECTORAL RESPONSE PERFOMANCE IN TELECOMMUNICATION
The general objective of this research was to determine the readiness of Kenya ICT sector to leverage Internet of Things for socio economic development. Therefore, the research looked at Internet of Things application and sectoral response performance in telecommunication. The study specifically aimed to; assess the response of the ICT sector in regard to IoT technology; determine the status of policy makers in response to the IoT technologies; establish the state of IoT roll out regarding the IoT coverage and to determine how adequate the human capacity to deploy the IoT is. The literature review demonstrated that a number of studies have been carried out on internet of things application and sectoral response performance in telecommunication spectrum. Hence, it’s evident that a gap in literature exists on IoT application and sectoral response performance in telecommunication in Kenya. The study adopted descriptive research design and the study population was 25 key informants from different ICT sector member organization, who were purposefully selected. The data collection instruments were an interview guide containing open ended questions. A pilot study was carried out to test the validity of the instrument. Content analysis method was used to analyze data aided by content analysis software (NVivo) to summarize the responses into themes. Due to the numerous information gathered during the interviews, it has been proved that IoT application and sectoral response performance in telecommunication receive a great support by the implementation of IoT technology in Telecommunication spectrum. In particular, as stated by all the respondents, the benefits are numerous in multiple fields and moreover IoT will impact ICT sectoral response performance in telecommunication deliverables and team working. In a daily use, the new technology will increase the productivity and the efficiency of the processes, reducing the waste of resources, both in term of time and money. The study found out that impact on IoT application and sectoral response performance in telecommunication is enormous; in fact all the phases are impacted by the technology. The main driver of the impact is surely the data gathered from smart objects always reliable due to storage approaches such as cloud or server. Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), Sectoral Response, ICT Policy Response, Regulatory Response, IoT Roll Out, Human Capacity.
IMES LOGIC MODEL AND THE PERFORMANCE OF ROAD PROJECT IN KENYA
This study sought to establish the relationship between IMES logic model and the performance of road projects in Kenya through hypothesis testing and at the same time establish the moderating effect of Project Risks on the relationship between IMES logic model and performance of road projects in Kenya. The unit of analysis was the road construction projects implemented by National Government Road Agencies (KURA, KeRRA, and KeNHA) in Kenya, while the unit of observation was the project managers involved in the implementation of these road construction projects. The population for the research was 188 projects initiated and completed between the year 2015 and 2022 by the three agencies. The overall sample size for this study was determined using a formula by Fisher’s exact formula, which obtained 126 respondents. This study employed stratified random and purposive sampling method to select the study sample. Primary data was used and was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Samples of the questionnaire were pilot tested with 18 respondents to test for reliability and validity. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The qualitative data collected was analyzed using thematic analysis and presented in text form. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in tables and figures. The study concluded that evaluation logic model positively and significantly influences performance of road projects in Kenya. In addition, the study concluded that project risks have significant moderating effect on the relationship between integrated monitoring and evaluation systems and performance of road projects in Kenya. Based on the findings, the study recommends that the management of road projects in Kenya should integrate real-time data monitoring and feedback mechanisms within the logic model framework. By embedding continuous performance tracking into the evaluation process, project managers can make timely and informed decisions, promptly address emerging challenges, and align implementation strategies with desired outcomes. In addition, the study recommends that the management of road projects in Kenya should embed proactive risk management protocols within the M&E framework. This involves identifying potential risks early in the project lifecycle and continuously assessing their likelihood and impact through the M&E system. Key Words: IMES Logic Model, Project Risks, Performance of Road Project
SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE AND PERFORMANCE OF MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Manufacturing firms in Kenya face increasing exposure to supply chain disruptions driven by global shocks such as the COVID-19 pandemic, infrastructural limitations, market volatility, and policy inconsistencies. These challenges have adversely impacted operational continuity, delivery efficiency, and overall firm performance. Despite growing global interest in supply chain resilience strategies, there remains limited empirical evidence on how specific resilience capabilities influence performance outcomes within Kenya’s manufacturing sector. This study sought to fill this gap by examining the effect of supply chain resilience capabilities operational flexibility and supply chain re-engineering on the performance of manufacturing firms in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was grounded in a multi-theoretical framework, drawing from Dynamic Capabilities Theory and Systems Theory. A pilot study involving 14 participants was first conducted to validate the research instrument. The main study adopted a descriptive cross-sectional design. Data were collected through structured, closed-ended questionnaires administered to supply chain managers from 138 manufacturing firms registered with the Kenya Association of Manufacturers (KAM), selected from a population of 210 using the Krejcie and Morgan sampling formula. Analysis was conducted using SPSS version 28, involving both descriptive and multiple regression techniques. Results showed that all four resilience capabilities had a statistically significant and positive effect on firm performance. Specifically, a unit increase in supply chain re-engineering led to a 0.306 unit increase in performance, followed by operational flexibility (B = 0.271). The study concludes that building supply chain resilience through continuous process redesign, agile operations, proactive risk management, and strategic supplier engagement is essential for enhancing firm performance. It recommends targeted investments in digital transformation, supplier diversification, employee training, and internal operational agility to foster adaptive and competitive supply chains. This study contributes both academically and practically by offering context-specific insights into how resilience-building strategies influence manufacturing performance in emerging economies. It provides actionable guidance for supply chain managers, policymakers, and institutions such as KAM, while supporting regional integration efforts like the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). The findings are also valuable to scholars and practitioners seeking to enhance organizational agility, responsiveness, and competitiveness in the post-pandemic era. Key Words: Supply Chain Resilience Capabilities, Operational Flexibility, Supply Chain Re-Engineering, Performance of Manufacturing Firms
STRATEGIC DRIVERS AND SERVICE DELIVERY IN THE MOTOR INSURANCE COMPANIES IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Background: The study aimed to examine the strategic drivers of service delivery in motor insurance companies in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Specifically, the study aimed to determine the influence of employee training on service delivery and to explore the influence of AI-driven underwriting on service delivery in the motor insurance companies in Nairobi City County, Kenya. Methodology: This study used a descriptive research design, which involved gathering data that describes events, then organizing, tabulating, depicting and describing the data. This study focused on 8 registered motor insurance companies in Nairobi County, Kenya. The unit of observation was 232 management employees working with the 8 registered motor insurance companies in Nairobi County. Findings: The study found that employee training has a positive and significant effect on service delivery in the motor insurance companies in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study also found that AI-driven underwriting has a positive and significant effect on service delivery in the motor insurance companies in Nairobi County, Kenya. Recommendations: The study recommends that the management of motor insurance companies should invest consistently in employee training and development programs to enhance service delivery. The study also recommends that the management of motor insurance companies should adopt AI-driven underwriting systems to enhance service delivery. Key words: Employing training, AI-driven underwriting, Service delivery, Strategic drivers
STRATEGY IMPLEMENTATION PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE AMONG HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS IN KENYA
NGOs are faced by myriads of challenges today trying to “survive” in an ever-ending competition with limited resources. Resources are always scarce with ever changing donor environment and priorities. Many developed countries today are looking into win-win situation with donors looking more inwards and want to focus more on trade compared to donations which has existed for decades. The long-time donations without sustainability has led to donor’s fatigue. In 2025, the world saw the USA stop funding with the incoming of new administration. Strategy implementation is complex, its tedious, time consuming and need deliberate and intentional efforts to engage and ensure organization’s plans are put into action. Implementation of strategic plans in companies and organizations faces a myriad of challenges including inadequate finances to invest in modern technology; lack of adequate and qualified employees; failure by the executive to involve the employees in key decisions; a mechanistic organizational structure; organizational culture; poor leadership and political interference. With donors shifting often and todays economies, there is need for theoretical and empirical research on the strategy implementation and performance practices among Humanitarian Non-Governmental Organizations in Kenya. The research was done on selected National and International NGOs with offices based in Nairobi County targeting strategic leaders of these organizations. The research adopted descriptive design which was simple for respondents to understands easily. The research questionnaires used Likert method which was easy to tick boxes. The questionnaires were self-administered and completed with one and a half months where respondents used Google Form which was easy to follow as responses were coming in. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics involving frequencies and percentages. The study indicated that there was a correlation between strategy implementation practices and the performance of the NGOs. The study indicated that strategic leadership and team work was key measuring the performance of the NGOs. The study then presented the findings and finally gave conclusion, recommendations. The study in addition, gave suggestions for further research on strategy implementation practices and performance among humanitarian response non-governmental organizations in Kenya. Key Words: Humanitarian Response NGOs, Strategy Implementation Practices, Strategic Leadership, Team Work, Performance of the NGOs
CUSTOMER RETENTION STRATEGIES AND PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Customer retention has increased value to goods and service providing companies. Although there exists extensive research on the concept of customer retention, research on strategies used by commercial banks to retain their customers is limited. With the increased access to financial institutions, there is a frequent switching of customers from one bank to another due to varying competitive advantages. The study sought to establish how customer retention strategies adopted by a bank influence the financial performance of commercial banks in Nairobi City County. The study was guided by a general objective and four specific objectives. The main focus of the study was to establish how customer retention strategies influence the performance of commercial banks in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives of the study included to determine the influence of service quality management, corporate image management, on performance of commercial banks in Nairobi City County. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population of the study was the customer relationship managers of all the 39 commercial banks in Kenya. Data was collected using questionnaires which was administered through a drop and pick method and online modes. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, and inferential statistics such as regression and correlation analysis to establish the relationship between the variables. SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis.10% of the sample size was used for the pilot study to test for reliability and validity of the study. Cronbach Alpha value was above 0.7 and the Validity factor loadings were above 0.4.The descriptive results showed that the customer retention strategies like corporate image management and service quality management have a positive and significant influence on the performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The results imply that an increase in one unit of the variables leads to an increase in the performance levels of commercial banks in Kenya. The study recommends that improving customer retention strategies significantly increases the performance levels of commercial banks in Kenya. Key Words: Customer Retention Strategies, Performance of Commercial Banks, Service Quality Management, Corporate Image Management
HOMESCHOOL LEARNING STRATEGIES PERCEIVED TO INFLUENCE ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE, IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
School operations are influenced by various theories and perspectives that individuals hold about what is beneficial for learners. Homeschooling critically examines traditional schooling while aiming to fulfil the educational purpose of academic learning. This narrative study investigated learning strategies in homeschooling that lead to academic success, guided by the research question: How can the quality of homeschooling education be enhanced? Drawing on social learning theory and through interviews with four homeschool educators in Nairobi County, Kenya, a thematic analysis of the collected data revealed six effective learning practices, including professional development, contextualized learning, fostering independent learners, and promoting greater parental involvement. The results indicate that both public school teachers and novice or experienced homeschool educators could improve their teaching and learning outcomes by adopting these practices and incorporating them into their professional development. Keywords: Academic excellence, Homeschooling, homeschool educator, learning strategies, professional development
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND COMPETITIVENESS OF COMMERCIAL PARASTATALS IN KENYA
The general objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between strategic management practices and competitiveness of commercial parastatals in Kenya. The specific objectives were as follows; to examine the relationship between strategy formulation and competitiveness of commercial parastatals in Kenya and to establish the relationship between strategy implementation and competitiveness of commercial parastatals in Kenya. The study was anchored on Resource-Based View and Dynamic Capabilities Theory. This study used a descriptive research design. This study only focused on Training and Research, Public Universities and Tertiary Education/Training parastatals in Kenya which are 21 in number. In every parastatal the study target 1 top manager, 3 middle level managers and 5 lower-level managers hence a total of 189 management employees. The total target population was therefore 189 respondents. Management employees were targeted since they were in a better position to provide information on the relationship between strategic management practices and competitiveness of commercial parastatals in Kenya. The study adopted stratified sampling technique in selecting participants. The sample size was 128 respondents. This study used а structured questionnaire as data collection tool to collect both qualitative and quantitative data. The research utilized an adopted questionnaire as the data collection tool to ensure that the questions were appropriate for the study. A pilot test was done in order to examine the requisite requirements that were necessary for the study. Data analysis was undertaken in two methods by use of SPSS. First, descriptive statistics were undertaken which involved computation of means and standard deviations for observations about variables. The study concluded that strategy formulation had a positive and significant relationship with the competitiveness of Kenya’s commercial parastatals. The study also concluded that strategy implementation had a positive and significant relationship with competitiveness of commercial parastatals in Kenya. Based on the findings, the study recommended that commercial parastatals in Kenya should; establish structured mechanisms such as regular consultative forums, digital feedback systems, and cross-departmental planning sessions to actively involve internal and external stakeholders in strategy formulation; ensure timely budget disbursement, allocate adequate human and financial resources at strategy implementation phase, and institute clear, organization-wide communication channels to align all staff with strategic goals. Key Words: Strategic Management Practices, Competitiveness, Commercial Parastatals, Strategy Formulation, Strategy Implementation.
INVESTMENT IN STOCKS AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF INVESTMENT FIRMS LISTED AT THE NAIROBI SECURITIES EXCHANGE (NSE)
The financial performance of investment firms listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE) is strongly influenced by their stock investment strategies. Poor allocation and exposure to volatility have led to declining profitability and weakened investor confidence. Approximately 60% of NSE-listed investment firms reported profit declines in the past five years, alongside a 12% reduction in foreign investment inflows. Guided by Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), this study examined the effect of stock investments on the financial performance of NSE-listed firms, measured using Return on Equity (ROE). A descriptive research design and census approach were applied to all five investment firms listed between 2014 and 2023. Secondary data was collected from audited financial reports, NSE records, and Capital Markets Authority publications. Panel regression and diagnostic tests ensured statistical robustness. Results revealed that stock investments significantly and positively influence financial performance, though with notable exposure to volatility risks. The study concludes that well-managed equity portfolios enhance profitability and investor trust. Findings provide practical implications for firms, regulators, and policymakers seeking to strengthen investment practices in emerging markets. Key Words: Investment in Stocks, Financial Performance, Investment Firm, Nairobi Securities Exchange
E-PROCUREMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF SUPERMARKETS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
E-procurement is the use of electronic technologies and the internet to carry out procurement functions. E-procurement has made procurement more efficient and competitive globally. Supermarkets in Kenya are a significant part of the wholesale and retail sub-sector, which is one of the biggest contributors to the country's GDP. Despite their significant role in the economy, supermarkets encounter poor management, inventory logistics, supply chain challenges and fierce rivalry from international and local retailers leading to job losses within the supermarket value chain impacting the Kenyan economy negatively. The general objective was to examine the effect of e-procurement practices on performance of supermarkets in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The specific objectives were to examine effect of e-sourcing and e-tendering on performance of supermarkets in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study was guided by the dynamic capability theory and innovation diffusion theory. The study employed a descriptive research design. The study targeted 9 large supermarkets in Nairobi City County. The unit of observation was the procurement and accounting managers in the branches hence a total of 144 respondents. The sample size of was determined using census hence all the 144 respondents were sampled. The study used primary data collected using questionnaires. The study carried out a pilot test with 14 management staff in procurement and finance departments. This study employed construct and content validity. Reliability was tested using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 28. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The descriptive statistics included frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation while inferential statistics included correlation and regression. Study results were presented in tables. The findings revealed that e-sourcing and e-tendering had statistically significant and positive effects on performance. Among these, e-tendering emerged as the strongest predictor of performance (β = 0.314), followed by e-sourcing (β = 0.278). These results confirm that while all practices contribute meaningfully, e-tendering has the most substantial impact in driving improvements across financial, operational, and customer-related performance metrics. The study concludes that supermarkets with more advanced and integrated e-procurement systems—especially those that emphasize digital tendering—tend to perform better overall. It is therefore recommended that supermarket managers prioritize the enhancement of e-tendering systems and ensure consistent use of e-sourcing tools across branches. Investments in digital infrastructure, system security, and staff capacity-building will be critical for optimizing procurement performance and sustaining competitive advantage in the retail sector. Key Words: E-Procurement Practices, E-Sourcing, E-Tendering, Performance, Supermarkets
ENTREPRENEURIAL BANKING INNOVATIONS AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
Innovation has become an increasingly important part of banking. In Kenya, commercial banks have been quick to adopt new strategic innovations, with most now offering online and mobile banking services. The Central Bank of Kenya 2022 report indicated that the total transactions aided by mobile banking and agency banking had increased by 12.3%. Similar increase in transactions were recorded in previous years among larger banks due to adoption of technology. However, banks have not fully adopted banking innovations such as open banking while some banks face challenges integrating innovations hence, there is need to develop a more entrepreneurial approach to innovations. This study examined entrepreneurial banking innovations and financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya. The study examined how entrepreneurial banking innovations influence financial performance of the banks. Performance was measured using indicators such as profit before tax, number of customers and the net promoter score. The specific objectives were how mobile banking and e-banking influence financial performance of the banks. The study used a descriptive design with questionnaire as the instrument for data collection. Reliability of the study instrument was established using Cronbach Alpha, internal consistency method. Validity of the research instrument was determined using content and construct validity. The target population was 39 commercial banks in Kenya. The unit of observation was senior operations managers, product development managers, senior marketing managers and information technology managers from the banks. The study conducted a census on all the banks. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 28 to produce frequencies, descriptive and inferential statistics which were used to derive conclusions. The study conducted a multiple regression analysis to determine the relationship between entrepreneurial banking innovations and financial performance of commercial banks. Correlation results revealed that banking innovations influences financial performance of commercial banks in Kenya positively. The results indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between e-banking and mobile banking and financial performance. Key Words: E-banking, Mobile banking, Entrepreneurial Banking Innovations, Financial Performance of Commercial Banks
PROCESS INNOVATION AND SERVICE DELIVERY IN REGULATORY AGENCIES IN KENYA
Globally, most regulators rely on key strategic adaptations and innovations to deliver exemplary service to their populations. The management of regulators strives to incorporate process innovation to enhance service delivery. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of process innovation and service delivery of regulatory agencies in Kenya. To strengthen the conceptual framework, the study used dynamic capability theory. Most of the studies have been done on process innovation practices innovation is a key element of strategic adaptation, the variable needs to be regressed with the service delivery in regulatory agencies in Kenya. This study adopted descriptive research design. The sample size was 369 participants. The quantitative data collected were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 24), where descriptive statistics were computed to help describe and interpret the data in line with the study objectives. For variable relationships, correlation and regression analysis was also examined. The analyzed data was presented by use of tables and in prose form. The overall results provided statistical evidence of a positive correlation of process innovation and service delivery of regulatory agencies in Kenya. In terms of impact, process innovation had a significant effect on service delivery of regulatory agencies in Kenya. It was recommended that regulator agencies in Kenya need to enhance, foster and vary their dynamic capabilities to process innovations since it leads to the improvement of service delivery. The study recommended further research on the variables using other methods and companies from other sectors. Key Words: Process Innovation, Service Delivery, Regulatory Agencies in Kenya
RISK IDENTIFICATION PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF DONOR-FUNDED HEALTH PROJECTS IN SOUTHWESTERN KENYA
Purpose: The objective of the study was to determine the influence of risk identification practices on performance of donor-funded health projects in Southwestern Kenya. Methodology: The study adopted a descriptive-explanatory research design. The Southwestern Kenya region which for this study encompasses Migori, Homa Bay, Kisii, Nyamira, and Kisumu counties, hosts approximately 198 donor-funded health projects. The unit of observation in this study comprised project representatives drawn from these health projects. A census was adopted where the entire population of 198 respondents were studied. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential analysis were used in this study. Findings: The study found risk identification practices to be a significant predictor of project performance at 43.5%. From the descriptive statistics, the overall mean for risk identification is 3.26, suggesting a low level of effectiveness in identifying risks, though there is a more consistent perception of risk identification across projects. Risk identification is practised continuously but lacks consistency. It uses participatory approaches and historical data, but improving consistency and systematic classification could enhance project performance. Recommendations: The study recommends strengthening the efficacy and consistency of risk identification by adopting standardized procedures and classification techniques across donor-funded health projects. Systematic risk categorization should be reinforced through participatory approaches that actively involve all stakeholders, supported by regular brainstorming sessions and expert input to capture diverse perspectives. Keywords: Risk identification practices, Performance of donor-funded health projects, Southwestern Kenya
PROJECT PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CASH TRANSFER PROGRAM IN BUNGOMA COUNTY, KENYA
This study aimed to examine the impact of project planning on the implementation of the cash transfer program in Bungoma County, Kenya, with a focus on the influence of stakeholder participation on implementation of the cash transfer program in Bungoma County and the influence of program funding on implementation of the cash transfer program in Bungoma Count. The study's target population consisted of National and County Level Cash Transfer Program teams, Beneficiary Welfare Community (BWC) Representatives, Sub- County social protection officers, Payment Service Providers (PSP)-Banks, Local Community Leaders, Community Social Workers, and Program Beneficiaries. The study adopted a disproportionate stratified sampling technique to obtain a sample size of 280 key players in the cash transfer program in Bungoma County. A descriptive design was adopted with the use of primary and secondary data. The study's pilot test involved 28 participants from Kanduyi Sub-County that served as the site for this study's pilot exercise., the sample size for the pilot study was not included in the final survey. The study used SPSS version 26 for data analysis, with results presented in tables and figures. The outcomes of this study contributes to understanding the importance of project planning for implementing cash transfer programs, which can help guide the development of future programs in Bungoma County and other areas. The significant beta value of 0.259 indicates that stakeholder participation has a strong and positive effect on program implementation. A unit increase in stakeholder participation would increase program implementation by 0.240 units, with other factors held constant. The beta coefficient of 0.263 is significant at the 0.003 level and suggests a positive effect on program implementation. This indicates that with every unit increase in program funding, the implementation of the cash transfer program improves by 0.271 units, ceteris paribus. Key Words: Project planning, Cash transfer program, Stakeholder participation, Program funding
ELECTRONIC TAX INVOICE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (eTIMS) ADOPTION AND PERFORMANCE OF MICRO AND SMALL ENTERPRISES IN KENYA
The Government of Kenya has recently accelerated digital transformation in taxation through the rollout of the Electronic Tax Invoice Management System (eTIMS), a platform designed to enhance compliance, transparency, and efficiency in tax administration. Despite its perceived benefits, many Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) struggle to adapt to this system, citing infrastructural, financial, and technological constraints. This study examines the influence of eTIMS adoption on MSE performance in Kenya, focusing on operational efficiency, access to credit, and sales growth. Anchored on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Compliance Cost Theory, and the Resource-Based View (RBV), the study utilizes a descriptive research design supported by secondary data from the Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA), the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), and the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). Findings reveal that eTIMS adoption has improved transparency and formalization but has simultaneously introduced significant compliance and digital literacy burdens among small traders. The study concludes that eTIMS can act as both a compliance catalyst and a business enabler if its implementation is supported by continuous digital capacity development and policy incentives that reward compliant enterprises. Key Words: Electronic Tax Invoice Management System (eTIMS); Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs); Digital Tax Compliance; Operational Efficiency; Access to Finance; Sales Growth; Digital Literacy; Kenya
PROJECT MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM INTEGRATION IN PROJECT PLANNING AND PERFORMANCE OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENT CONSTITUENCY DEVELOPMENT FUNDED BUILDING CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS IN THIKA TOWN CONSTITUENCY, KIAMBU COUNTY
Purpose: The main objective of this study was to assess the influence of PMIS integration in project planning on the performance of NGCDF projects in Thika Town Constituency, Kiambu County, Kenya. Methodology: This study used a mixed design of descriptive and explanatory designs to establish the relationship between PMIS integration and the performance of building construction projects in Kiambu County in Kenya. The study targeted 185 building construction projects in the last 5 financial years and 665 respondents. A sample of 250 was obtained using Slovin’s formula. The study used stratified, purposive, and simple random sampling techniques. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data. A pilot study was also done on 10% of the sample to check for validity and reliability of the questionnaire. The study used descriptive analysis, content analysis and inferential analysis. Findings: The study found PMIS project planning had a positive (β1=0.435) significant influence (p value= 0.000) on performance of NGCDF building construction projects. Recommendations: The study recommends that NGCDF management should prioritize the adoption of advanced PMIS planning tools and invest in training project staff on their application to strengthen project scheduling, forecasting, and monitoring. NGCDF committees and project managers should also strengthen PMIS planning practices through trainings. Keywords: PMIS planning, performance of projects, NGCDF building construction projects, Thika town constituency
DIGITAL PROJECT MONITORING TOOLS AND PERFORMANCE OF DONOR-FUNDED PROJECTS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
Donor-funded projects play a crucial role in Kenya’s socio-economic development, yet many continue to experience challenges in efficiency, accountability, and timely completion despite significant investment. These performance gaps have often been attributed to weak monitoring systems, delayed reporting, and limited data utilisation. This study examined the effect of digital project monitoring tools on the performance of donor-funded projects in Nairobi County, Kenya. Specifically, the study focused on the influence of real-time reporting, and dashboard utilisation on project performance. The study was guided by Systems Theory, and Stewardship Theory which collectively explain how digital systems, accountability, organisational capabilities, and information exchange contribute to project outcomes. A descriptive research design was adopted. The target population comprised project managers, monitoring and evaluation officers, and technical staff drawn from donor-funded organisations operating within Nairobi County. A sample of 118 respondents was selected using stratified and simple random sampling techniques to ensure representation across sectors. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire that was pre-tested through a pilot study to determine its reliability and validity. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (correlation and multiple regression analysis) with the aid of SPSS software. The results were presented in tables and interpreted narratively. The findings revealed that digital project monitoring tools significantly improve project performance. Real-time reporting emerged as the most influential factor, followed by dashboard utilisation. The study concluded that digital transformation is a strategic enabler of project success and recommended that donor-funded organisations institutionalise real-time reporting systems, and adopt integrated dashboards. These measures will ensure evidence-based management, transparency, and sustainable performance in donor-funded projects. Key Words: Digital Project Monitoring Tools, Performance of Donor-Funded Projects, Real-Time Reporting, Dashboard Utilisation, Project Performance
PROJECT INTEGRATION MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF HOUSING PROJECTS IN NAIROBI CITY, KENYA
Housing construction projects in Nairobi City County continue to face significant performance challenges, including time and cost overruns, compromised quality standards, and limited stakeholder satisfaction. Despite the implementation of national housing initiatives under the Affordable Housing Programme, project delivery remains suboptimal. This study sought to investigate the influence of Project Integration Management (PIM) practices on the performance of housing projects in Nairobi City County. The study was guided by Stakeholder Theory and Systems Theory, which views projects as interrelated components requiring holistic integration. The study specifically examined stakeholder engagement and communication and documentation. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed, allowing for the collection of data at a single point in time from a range of project stakeholders. The target population comprised 102 project managers overseeing active and recently completed public, private, and PPP housing projects across Nairobi. Due to the relatively small population size, a census approach was adopted, with all 102 project managers forming the study sample. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire comprising both closed and open-ended questions aligned with the study objectives. The instrument was pre-tested through a pilot study involving 10 project managers, and both validity and reliability was established through expert review and Cronbach’s alpha analysis, respectively. No revisions were required, validating the instrument’s readiness for the main study. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 27, with descriptive statistics summarizing PIM practices and inferential techniques, specifically Pearson’s correlation and multiple regression, used to test the relationship between PIM dimensions and project performance indicators, including time adherence, cost compliance, and quality outcomes. The study findings revealed that all practices significantly contribute to project outcomes, with communication and stakeholder engagement emerging as the strongest drivers. The study concluded that while stakeholder inclusivity, efficient resourcing, proactive risk management, and technology adoption enhance performance, gaps persist in feedback systems, budget control, institutional learning, and digital capacity. It therefore recommends strengthening structured feedback and conflict resolution, enforcing financial and supply chain discipline, embedding risk training and knowledge transfer, investing in advanced technologies such as BIM, and institutionalizing digital communication and record management. Collectively, these measures would improve accountability, efficiency, and stakeholder satisfaction, ensuring sustainable performance in housing projects. Key Words: Project Integration Management (PIM) Practices, Housing Projects, Nairobi City County, Stakeholder Engagement, Communication and Documentation
FIFTH PARTY LOGISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF THE E-COMMERCE FIRMS IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
This study focuses on Fifth Party Logistics and Performance of E-Commerce Firms in Nairobi City County. Fifth Party Logistics represents a modern logistics trend that leverages specialized software platforms to deliver comprehensive services to customers and shippers. While 5PL offers significant benefits, such as cost savings, improved visibility and enhanced customer satisfaction for e-commerce firms in Nairobi City County, these firms continue to face challenges like Order fulfilment and seamless delivery operations. The fifth party logistics model enables e-commerce firm s to have their logistical needs handled from initiation to delivery. To explore the relationship between Fifth Party Logistics and Performance of e-commerce firms in Nairobi City County, the study was guided by the following objectives: to examine the impact of customized warehousing of fifth party logistics and performance of the e-commerce firm in Nairobi city county; To assess the benefits of lean logistics of fifth party logistics and performance of e-commerce firms in Nairobi city county. The study adopted a descriptive research design and targeted e-commerce firms operating within Nairobi City County. Data was collected from a sample of 30 respondents and analyzed using SPSS Version 30. The findings revealed strong positive correlations between 5PL practices and firm performance. Regression analysis indicated that the practices collectively accounted for the variation in performance among the firms studied. Despite infrastructure and implementation challenges, the result confirms that effective use of 5PL significantly enhances delivery efficiency, reduces operation costs and improves customer satisfaction. The study concludes that the adoption of 5PL is a key strategic approach for improving the competitiveness and efficiency of e-commerce operations. It recommends greater investment in route optimization tools, automated warehousing systems, staff training on lean process, and full-scale integration of logistics technologies. Further research is suggested to explore 5PL practices across other counties and sectors, and to examine the long-term performance outcomes of technology driven logistics models. Key Words: Fifth Party Logistics, Performance of E-Commerce Firms, Nairobi City County, Customized Warehousing, Lean Logistics
PROJECT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PERFORMANCE OF DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS AT KAKUMA REFUGEE CAMP, KENYA
Purpose: The objective of the study was to examine the impact of project management practices on performance of development programs at Kakuma Refugee Camp, Kenya. Methodology This study adopted a descriptive research design. The study focused on 20 development programmes organisations spread on 8 categories of Education, Health, Livelihood and Vocational Training, Protection, Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene, Food and Nutrition, Energy and Environment and finally the Community Development and Capacity Building programs at Kakuma refugee Camp. Given a population of 1550 employees study sample size 318 was obtained using Yamane’s formula. The primary data collection instrument used in this study was structured questionnaires. Both descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted. Findings: The optimal regression model, which integrated project planning, risk management, stakeholder engagement, and monitoring processes, demonstrated strong explanatory power, accounting for 69.2% of the variance in the performance of development programs. Among the predictors, the monitoring process emerged as the most influential factor, followed by risk management and project planning Recommendations: The study generally recommends that humanitarian and development actors in Kakuma should include integrated project management principles into their organizational policy, including planning, risk management, stakeholder involvement, and monitoring process. Donors and implementing partners can also align their financial mechanisms to complement these principles, making programs more sustainable, efficient, and responsive to community needs. Keywords: Project management practices, project planning, risk management, stakeholder engagement, monitoring process, performance of development programs